拉萨逝世卌周年(二):纳吉“父资产”变负资产

今特写

2009年,首相纳吉顶着“首相之子”光环上台。第四任首相马哈迪就曾坦言,当初正是念在纳吉父亲拉萨的恩情才会一路扶持,最终让纳吉坐上首相之位。

但吊诡的是,成也其父,败也其父。

拉萨所奠基的国阵模式,消弭政党竞争,巫统得以稳坐“老大哥”第一把交椅;而新经济政策,则助巫统掌控大量国家机器,令巫裔选票绑定在巫统手中。但40年后,“父资产”沦为“负资产”,拉萨布下的格局,今时已成残局。

巫统独霸之下,种族气焰嚣张,国阵已被非巫裔唾弃,于2008年大选丢去三分之二国会多数议席,痛失五州政权;而在新经济政策下,大批朋党滋生,贪腐滥权根深难治。

眼见固有模式崩坏,仅能苟存,无法长生,纳吉遂提出新经济模式,高呼“一个马来西亚口号”以期扭转市场印象,一改非巫裔唾弃国阵之颓势。

然而,拉萨“阴魂”却挥之不散,新经济政策底下,滋养大批巫统权贵与朋党,新经济模式欲废除种族固打,无异斩断其财路,巫统诸侯躁动,群起而抗之。

党内阻力过大,加之纳吉改革意志软弱,立场摇摆,“新经济模式”改革嘎然而止,“一个马来西亚”沦为空洞口号,纳吉重返父亲旧路,恪守以种族为标准的扶弱政策。

父突围而出,儿重返旧路

马大经济系教授哥美兹(Terence Gomez,见图)接受《当今大马》访问时,以历史宏观脉络,辨析拉萨与纳吉掌权之时代背景。

他认为,同是身处乱局,拉萨透过筹组国阵、新经济政策等方案,突围而出。

反之,他点出,纳吉受父亲“遗产”钳制,不止裹足难前,反倒政改失败,屈从巫统右翼。

“正如巫统在1969年大选蒙受重挫,该党在2008年一败涂地……其时,巫统与国阵甚至提出自我改革,以便(执政党)更加‘马来西亚’。这正是‘一个马来西亚’概念提出之滥觞。”

“若我们对比拉萨与纳吉,饶有趣味的是,拉萨改造巫统与执政联盟,让他们(国阵)在5年后(1974年大选)大胜。至于纳吉,他遇上相似危机,亦试图搬出新经济模式,改造巫统、经济与国家。”

“问题在于:拉萨推出新经济政策之际,巫统落力支持,但纳吉着手修复经济,党内支持微乎其微。”

巫统权贵绑架新经济政策

拉萨接掌相位之前,已是开国元勋,与东姑阿都拉曼、陈桢禄、森本善(VT Sambanthan)等人争取独立,威望甚高。1969年513事件,国内一片动荡,拉萨乘机上台,统领全国行动理事会,取代东姑阿都拉曼,接掌相位。

当时种族情绪沸腾,69年落选的年轻马哈迪,痛批东姑阿都拉曼捍卫马来权益不力,甚至奋笔疾书,出版《马来人困境》,阐明马来人须获特别协助,以便有能力与其他族群竞争。

在此脉络之下,拉萨抚平党内少壮派,敲定新经济政策,国家机器大举介入经济:广设官联企业与公共机构、规定私人企业须留30%土著股权、大学名额与奖学金固打等。

新经济政策无远弗届,小至求学,大到求职求财,涵盖方方面面,以图把马来人命运与巫统绑定一起。

不过,新经济政策在1991年中止,以国家发展模式(NDP)取而代之,土著经济地位虽有增长,但同时扶植一批与巫统关系密切的新兴马来权贵,加剧贫富不公。

一小撮马来权贵依附巫统,以寻租方式(rent-seeking)迅速致富,却未助改善经济,反倒私人界利用法律漏洞,设立一家家阿里巴巴公司,抑或依靠巫统人士捞取政府工程。

其中,前国际贸易与工业部长拉菲达掌舵期间,爆发汽车入口准证AP事件;与巫统关系甚笃的赛莫达一跃成为土著巨贾,敛聚数十亿令吉身价,跻身大马十大首富正是实例。

2010年3月,纳吉拜相近一年之时,新经济模式出炉,倡导逐步废除种族固打,重检扶弱政策。他当时坦言,现有扶弱政策,已无助经济发展。

新经济模式一出,激怒马来右翼分子。马来人协商理事会(MPM)、马来专业人士领袖组织(PPPMM)、土著权威组织(Perkasa)等群聚于土著经济大会批斗新经济模式,疾呼马来人勿惧捍卫族群权益。

曾一手推翻阿都拉的马哈迪,更在当年国庆日前夕撰文,警告纳吉切勿废除种族扶弱政策,否则贫富悬殊加剧,乃至于爆发革命及暴力。马哈迪虽未曾参与拟订新经济政策,但新经济政策与其思路,可谓一脉相传。

改革不成,屈从右翼压力

哥美兹不留情面指出,新经济政策恩庇之下,土著独获国家优待,巫统党员乘机绑架之。

“纳吉自知须剔除这些模式,尤其是扶弱政策,因为它不鼓励人们投资。”

“当市场亟欲改革,政治人物,尤其是巫统,并不愿意。纳吉身为首相与财政部长,聆听众人之后,自知须做什么,但他的党不愿让他这么做。”

“基本上,巫统绑架了新经济政策,其党员在此底下迅速致富。一旦面临危机,他们务须改革,整顿扶弱政策,包括选择性庇护,但巫统党员不愿放手,因为他们认为无法再用(新经济模式)获得国家资源。”

巫统激烈反弹,纳吉最终屈从,向土权低头,保留30%土著股权制。哥美兹认为,比照二者,拉萨大刀阔斧改革,尽管不乏批评浪声,社会关系、经济却有改善;反观纳吉,无人认为在其领导之下,国家有所进步。

“就结果而言,国阵在拉萨领导之下,1974年大选成绩卓越。政治而言,这是重大举动,它最终成功了——巫统巩固其位,继续成为主要强权。”

“2008年,巫统面对危机(308政治大海啸),但纳吉领导之下,到了2013年,即纳吉任相首届大选,他成绩欠佳,国阵甚至在总得票数上落败。”

拉萨掌政之下,另一项庞大社会改造工程,即垦殖民计划(Felda)。

独立之初,逾7成巫裔身居穷乡僻壤,拉萨提出上述计划,召集人们开发森林,转为种植区,以改善乡区贫苦及马来人生活。

拉萨出任乡区部长期间,勤跑垦殖民区,而垦殖民与马来乡区长期成为国阵堡垒。

直至2012年6月,距离第13届大选未过一年,纳吉创立联土局环球创投控股公司,并配合上市,向11万2000户垦殖民发出总共16亿8900万令吉奖励金,即每户垦殖民获得1万5000令吉。垦殖民也将获得“粉红色表格”,以便购买FGV的股票。

时隔数年,FGV股价猛跌,从初始的约5令吉股价,如今狂泻至1令吉50仙左右,不少垦殖民股东血本无归。

垦殖民与国阵政权依附关系

甫卸任联合国助理秘书长的经济学家佐摩(见图)接受《当今大马》访问时,言简意赅,道出垦殖民区与国阵政权的依附关系。

“近来垦殖民突变为企业,令人甚为担忧。它变成一个庞大种植集团,附有若干特质,反映其恩庇角色,确保虏获左右政治的垦殖民‘票仓’。”

垦殖民选票,素来是国阵堡垒,在野党猛攻不下,一旦出现松动,即能左右选区。

以2015年5月云冰补选为例,该选区垦殖民达14个,在消费税、FGV股价不振等课题冲击下,多个垦殖民投票站投下反对票,国阵原有的2万3796票,骤跌40%,仅得8895票保存此国会议席。

佐摩点出,拉萨在513事件后,提出新经济政策,以创造国民团结的环境,应对近半选民,尤其是大批土著反联盟政府的局面。

“70年代,在他与胡先翁领导之下,尽管国际经济动荡,但政府干预,公共领域与经济增长快速。”

“这些方向往后被推翻,尤其是马哈迪和纳吉。”

“其理由是经济自由化、私营化等,会带来更高效率,全民更高增长率及更少贪腐。但就事实而言,却是相反。人人皆认同,国家亟需大刀阔斧改革,杜绝官僚主义,防范贪污滥权。

延伸阅读:拉萨逝世卌周年(一)——父稳中立霸,儿乱中求存


今特写深入挖掘你不得不知的事。

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