解密513档案属政府权限,学者促从政者勿卸责

希盟“未来首相”安华宣称解密513文件一事应交给历史学家处理,惟学者认为,国家档案管理权仍在政治人物手上,不应推卸责任;再者从政者应勇于面对历史,惟有厘请真相,才能平复历史伤痕,迈向未来。

513事件今年走入第50周年,民间再呼吁政府解密513文件。惟首相马哈迪仅称“政府会探讨”;而安华则回避问题。

历史研究者强调,历史资料和档案是历史研究的重要基础,若国家继续封锁资料,则513事件的历史研究及论述将难以出现新发展。

拉曼大学中华研究员助理教授曾维龙接受《当今大马》访问时表示,国家档案的管理权力落在政治人物手中,解铃还须系铃人,政府不应将问题和责任推到学者身上。

“如果连历史学家都不能调阅档案,我们要怎么做历史研究呢?这(解密档案)完全是政治人物应该要处理的问题,反过来推到学者身上有点奇怪。”

“……政治人物可能把这(513事件相关档案)当成一个潘多拉的盒子,但对学者来说,这是一个必须要经过的过程。”

“政治人物应勇于面对历史的问题,用比较开放和前进的心态去处理历史上问题。转型正义很关键的程序,就是处理过去遗留的问题,以奠定社会共识,再往前进。”

曾维龙除了研究马华文学,也在马来西亚本土研究和口述历史耕耘多年。

历史研究需有实证基础

曾维龙指出,历史研究必须建立在实证的基础上,解密官方档案将有助于让学者重构过去,才能还原和重建历史现场。

他指出,马来西亚官方继续封锁513事件相关档案,本土历史研究将受到局限,难以出现新的历史观点;只有少数学者如柯嘉逊博士透过英国档案局资料,建构不同观点。

“我们做历史研究或本土研究的基本要求,首先必须建立在实证的基础之上。目前为止,我们唯有去到英国的档案局,才能掌握这些档案。

“如果没有新的档案能够调取和查阅,学者不可能再出现新的历史观点。”

既存体制就是历史遗绪

曾维龙补充,虽然安华宣称应该放眼未来,但人民也必须在历史问题上建立共识,才能真正放下历史包袱往前迈进。

“安华说要放下过去、放眼未来。这讲起来是很理想,但是现实是,我们现在身处的体制就是过去遗留下来的东西呀,包括固打制。”

另一方面,历史学者廖文辉接受《当今大马》访问时也直言,“安华都说我们要向前看。但是当我们要向前看的时候,我们很难跨步向前,因为很多历史的事还不知道发生的情况,都还不透明。我们很难放开心胸,跨步向前。”

他强调,历史研究的基础即是“史料”,若所有资料都被封锁,则研究者难以做出判断。

“历史研究最重要的元素就是资料。我们有多少分史料,就说多少分话;没有史料,就不说话。这是研究历史最根本的原则。”

“如果所有资料被封锁的情况下,学者很难准确地做出判断。就像法官判案也是如此,他必须有充足的证据。证据不足的情况下做出的推断未必准确,且常常会出现问题。”

零碎资料片段拼凑历史

廖文辉目前是新纪元学院马来西亚历史研究中心主任,著有《马来西亚史》一书。

他受访时说,513事件的历史涉及层面广泛,包括当时的社会局势、政治角力、族群关系等等,若官方资料不开放,则学者只能凭着民间说法或片段零碎的资料,拼凑历史。

“如果国家没有把最核心的材料开放,那我们学者也只能根据民间说法,或是事后推断的说道和片段零碎的资料来论述。”

官方档案仍然会有局限

廖文辉认为,倘若官方资料解密后,学者可以自由地查阅资料,历史学界可能顿时出现多种不同的论述。“经过整合与讨论后,最终会出现少数几个主流和关键的看法。”

他接着解释,当官方资料公开后,如果证据充足且明确,则无可争辩;若存有模棱两可的模糊地带,则可能出现几派不同的历史观点。

惟他同时也提醒,官方资料其实也并非全然客观,且必定带有“官方的立场”。因此,当官方历史档案重见天日后,学者使用这些资料时也应当意识到这一点。

“历史学家都应该很清楚,即便在使用官方资料,我们都很清楚这是官方的资料,他可能代表的是官方的立场,它不一定是公正或客观的,而处理这些材料是也必须考虑这种种因素。”

“当时搜集和整理这些资料的人,可能也有他的局限和筛选过程,丢掉了很多东西。”

无论如何,他认为,既然513事件已经过了半世纪,且马来西亚已经历和平的政权轮替,加上年轻一辈以不再如老一辈害怕谈论513事件,此事已是公开这些官方资料的适当时机。

513与官方机密法

1969年513事件发生后,国会暂停运作,政府成立国家行动理事会(NOC),由时任副首相阿都拉萨领导。

1971年,国会重新召开会议时阿都拉萨出任首相,《官方机密法令》则是在隔年1972年设立。

现有的《国家档案局法令》第37条文规定,所有官方档案应在25年后供公众查询;惟第38条文则另行规范了机密文件的使用规则。

此外,《国家档案局法令》第8条文赋予“国家档案局总监”( Director General of National Archives)权力,惟他必须依据《官方机密法令》检讨、解密或重新加密某些文件。

《官方机密法令》第2条文则规定,负责相关部门的部长,或负责相关职务的官员,以及州务大臣或首席部长,可在任何时刻,解密特定文件。


【延伸阅读】

513暴乱:笼罩大马半世纪的阴影

513半世纪|我的故事1:“放开他们!杀我”的怒吼

513半世纪|我的故事2:救人与抵上太阳穴的枪

513半世纪|如何走出黑暗史,迈向和解共生?

513半世纪|我的故事3:甘榜峇鲁的莫欣和金源

513半世纪|我的故事4:他的手就这样被砍下

513半世纪|我的故事5:若我都忘,谁来记得?


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